A facile method for separating fine water droplets dispersed in oil through a pre-wetted mesh membrane.

To achieve the successful separation of emulsions containing fine dispersed droplets and low volume fractions, a membrane with pore sizes comparable to or smaller than the droplet size is typically required. Although this approach is effective, its utilization is limited to the separation of emulsions with relatively large droplets. To overcome this limitation, a secondary membrane can be formed on the primary membrane to reduce pore size, but this can also be time-consuming and costly. Therefore, a facile and effective method is still required to be developed for separating emulsions with fine droplets. We introduce a pre-wetted mesh membrane with a pore size significantly larger than droplets, easily fabricated by wetting a hydrophilic stainless-steel mesh with water. Applying this membrane to emulsion separation via gravity-driven flow confirms a high efficiency greater than 98%, even with droplets approximately 10 times smaller than the pore size.

Reoperation Rates According to Surgical Approach After Operation for Degenerative Cervical Pathology in Patients With Athetoid Cerebral Palsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

STUDY DESIGN: National population-based cohort study. OBJECTIVE: The overall complication rate for patients with athetoid cerebral palsy (CP) undergoing cervical surgery is significantly higher than that of patients without CP. The study was conducted to compare the reoperation and complication rates of anterior fusion, posterior fusion, combined fusion, and laminoplasty for degenerative cervical myelopathy/radiculopathy in patients with athetoid cerebral palsy. METHODS: The Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service national database was used for analysis. Data from patients diagnosed with athetoid CP who underwent cervical spine operations for degenerative causes between 2002 and 2020 were reviewed. Patients were categorized into four groups for comparison: anterior fusion, posterior fusion, combined fusion, and laminoplasty. RESULTS: A total of 672 patients were included in the study. The overall revision rate was 21.0% (141/672). The revision rate was highest in the anterior fusion group (42.7%). The revision rates of combined fusion (11.1%; hazard ratio [HR], .335; P = .002), posterior fusion (13.8%; HR, .533; P = .030) were significantly lower than that of anterior fusion. Revision rate of laminoplasty (13.1%; HR, .541; P = .240) was also lower than anterior fusion although the result did not demonstrate statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Anterior fusion presented the highest reoperation risk after cervical spine surgery reaching 42.7% in patients with athetoid CP. Therefore, anterior-only fusion in patients with athetoid CP should be avoided or reserved for strictly selected patients. Combined fusion, with the lowest revision risk at 11.1%, could be safely applied to patients with athetoid CP.

Does Preoperative Radiation Therapy Performed for Metastatic Spine Cancer at the Cervical Spine Increase Perioperative Complications of Anterior Cervical Surgery?

Background: Radiation therapy (RT) performed before anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS) may cause fascial plane fibrosis, decreased soft-tissue vascularity, and vertebral body weakness, which could increase the risk of esophageal and major vessel injuries, wound complications, and construct subsidence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether preoperative RT performed for metastatic spine cancer (MSC) at the cervical spine increases perioperative morbidity for ACSS. Methods: Forty-nine patients who underwent ACSS for treatment of MSC at the cervical spine were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients underwent anterior cervical corpectomy via the anterior approach. Patient demographics, surgical factors, operative factors, and complications were recorded. Results of patients who were initially treated with RT before ACSS (RT group) were compared with those who did not receive RT before ACSS (non-RT group). Results: Eighteen patients (36.7%) were included in the RT group, while the remaining 31 (63.3%) were included in the non-RT group. Surgery-related factors, including operation time (p = 0.109), estimated blood loss (p = 0.246), amount of postoperative drainage (p = 0.604), number of levels operated (p = 0.207), and number of patients who underwent combined posterior fusion (p = 0.768), did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. Complication rates, including esophageal injury, dural tear, infection, wound dehiscence, and mechanical failure, did not significantly differ between the RT and non-RT groups. Early subsidence was significantly greater in the non-RT group compared to that in the RT group (p = 0.012). Conclusions: RT performed before surgery for MSC does not increase the risk of wound complication, mechanical failure, or vital structure injury during ACSS. The surgical procedural approach was not complicated by previous RT history. Therefore, surgeons can safely choose the anterior approach when the number of levels or location of MSC favors anterior surgery, and performing a posterior surgery is unnecessary due to a concern that previous RT may increase complication rates of ACSS.

Effect of Osteoporosis on Clinical and Radiological Outcomes Following One-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Study Design: Retrospective study. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate how osteoporosis affected the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with plating. Overview of Literature: The incidence of complications associated with implants is high when ACDF is performed in patients with poor bone quality. Methods: In total, 101 patients without (T-score ≥1.0, group A) and 25 with (T-score ≤-2.5, group B) osteoporosis who underwent single-level ACDF with plating were followed up for >2 years. The clinical and radiological outcomes were compared between the two groups. The fusion rate and implant-related complications were evaluated. Results: Although clinical outcomes such as visual analog scale scores for the arm (2.0±2.3 vs. 2.4±2.9, p=0.490) and neck pain (1.4±1.9 vs. 1.8±2.2, p=0.343) and neck disability index (7.7±7.1 vs. 9.9±7.5, p=0.225) were slightly higher in group B, no statistically significant difference was noted. Cage subsidence (13.9% vs. 16.0%, p=0.755) and plate migration (7.9% vs. 8.0%, p=1.000) rates did not differ between the two groups. The fusion rate at 1 year postoperatively was higher in group A than in group B (80.3% vs. 68.2%, p=0.139) and slightly increased in both groups (94.6% vs. 86.4%, p=0.178) at the final follow-up. Conclusions: Osteoporosis did not significantly affect the rate of cage subsidence or plate migration after cervical fusion. After ACDF, increased cage subsidence and implant migration rates had no significant effect on clinical outcomes.

Characterization of the intestinal transport mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) and the potential inhibitory effect of green tea extracts on MPs intestinal absorption.

The aims of the current study included characterizing the intestinal transport mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) with different charges and sizes in the intestinal epithelial cell model and determining the inhibitory effect of green tea extracts (GTEs) on the intestinal absorption of MPs in Caco-2 cells. The smaller sizes, which included diameters of 0.2 µm, of amine-modified MPs compared to either larger size (1 µm diameter, or carboxylate-MPs (0.2 and 1 µm diameter) significantly lowered the cell viability of caco-2 cells that were measured by MTT assay (p < 0.05). The transported amount (particles/mL of the cell media) of amine-modified MPs by the Caco-2 cell, was not dependent according to the concentrations, energy, or temperature, but it was higher than the carboxylate-modified MPs. The co-treatment of GTEs with the amine-modified MPs inhibited Caco-2 cell cytotoxicity as well as reduced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 generated by the exposure of amine-modified MPs. The GTEs co-treatment also increased trans-epithelial electrical resistances (TEER) and reduced the transportation of Lucifer Yellow via the Caco-2 monolayer compared to only the amine-modified MPs exposure. The GTEs treatment led to a decrease in the number of amine-modified MPs transported to the basal side of the Caco-2 monolayer. The results from our study suggest that the consumption of GTEs could enhance the intestinal barrier function by recovering intestinal epithelial cell damage induced by MPs, which resulted in a decrease of the intestinal absorption of MPs.

Shoulder balance in Lenke type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: correlations among radiological indices, cosmetic indices, and patient-reported outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between radiological indices of shoulder balance (SB) and cosmetic indices of shoulder deformity in patients with Lenke type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to determine the extent to which patient-reported outcomes (PROs) correlate with these measurements. Current management decisions and outcomes for SB in AIS are primarily based on radiological measurements. It is crucial to understand how these radiological parameters and cosmetic indices relate to patient satisfaction. METHODS: The authors analyzed the preoperative radiological and photographic indices of SB, along with PROs, in patients with Lenke type 2 AIS. Lateral SB parameters included the radiological shoulder height (RSH) and clavicle angle, while medial SB parameters included the first rib angle and T1 tilt angle. Photographic indices included the shoulder height angle (SHA), axilla height angle (AHA), and the left/right trapezius angle (LRTA) ratio. The authors assessed the self-image, mental health, and total score domains of the Korean version of the 22-item Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire. RESULTS: In their analysis of Lenke type 2 patients, the authors found that correlation coefficients between radiological measurements and photographic indices ranged from -0.25 to 0.47, among which only lateral SB including clavicle angle and RSH showed a significant correlation with anterior and posterior photographic indices. No statistically significant correlations were found between radiological measurements and PROs. Anterior photographic indices including SHA and AHA significantly correlated with all three PROs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Radiological shoulder parameters did not accurately reflect the perceived SB. Anterior photographic indices were reliable for evaluating clinical SB in patients with Lenke type 2 AIS and correlated with PROs. Spine surgeons may benefit from paying more attention to anterior photographic indices when making surgical decisions regarding clinical SB.

New Pimarane Diterpenoids Isolated from EtOAc-Extract of Apiospora arundinis Culture Medium Show Antibenign Prostatic Hyperplasia Potential.

Three new pimarane diterpenoids, libertellenones U-W (1-3), together with libertellenone C (4) and myrocin A (5) were isolated from an EtOAc-extract of Apiospora arundinis culture medium. The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated using MS, NMR, and CD spectroscopic data. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the abnormal and pathological proliferation of epithelial and stromal cells in prostatic tissues, is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly men. In this study, the anti-BPH effects of myrocin A (5) were evaluated using BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. Treatment with myrocin A (5) exerted antiproliferative effects in BPH-1 and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-stimulated WPMY-1 cells. In BPH, treatment with myrocin A (5) significantly suppressed the mRNA levels of androgen receptor (AR) and its downstream targets nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3). Additionally, DHT-stimulated WPMY-1 cells demonstrated an upregulated mRNA levels of AR, NCOA1, PCNA, and KLK3. However, treatment with myrocin A (5) resulted in suppression of the mRNA levels. Moreover, myrocin A (5) docked computationally into the binding site of the androgen receptor (-5.5 kcal/mol).

Rapid deep learning-assisted predictive diagnostics for point-of-care testing.

Prominent techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and rapid kits are currently being explored to both enhance sensitivity and reduce assay time for diagnostic tests. Existing commercial molecular methods typically take several hours, while immunoassays can range from several hours to tens of minutes. Rapid diagnostics are crucial in Point-of-Care Testing (POCT). We propose an approach that integrates a time-series deep learning architecture and AI-based verification, for the enhanced result analysis of lateral flow assays. This approach is applicable to both infectious diseases and non-infectious biomarkers. In blind tests using clinical samples, our method achieved diagnostic times as short as 2 minutes, exceeding the accuracy of human analysis at 15 minutes. Furthermore, our technique significantly reduces assay time to just 1-2 minutes in the POCT setting. This advancement has the potential to greatly enhance POCT diagnostics, enabling both healthcare professionals and non-experts to make rapid, accurate decisions.

Novel Screw Placement Method for Extremely Small Lumbar Pedicles in Scoliosis.

Study Design: Consecutive case series. Objective: To propose a screw placement method in patients with extremely small lumbar pedicles (ESLPs) (<2 mm) to maintain screw density and correction power, without relying on the O-arm navigation system. Summary of Background Data: In scoliosis surgery, ESLPs can hinder probe passage, resulting in exclusion or substitution of the pedicle screws with a hook. Screw density affects correction power, making it necessary to maximize the number of screw placements, especially in the lumbar curve. Limited studies provide technical guidelines for screw placement in patients with ESLPs, independent of the O-arm navigation system. Methods: We enrolled 19 patients who underwent scoliosis correction surgery using our novel screw placement method for ESLPs. Clinical, radiological, and surgical parameters were assessed. After posterior exposure of the spine, the C-arm fluoroscope was rotated to obtain a true posterior-anterior view and both pedicles were symmetrically visualized. An imaginary pedicle outline was presumed based on the elliptical or linear shadow from the pedicle. The screw entry point was established at a 2 (or 10) o'clock position in the presumed pedicle outline. After adjusting the gear-shift convergence, both cortices of the transverse process were penetrated and the tip was advanced towards the lateral vertebral body wall, where an extrapedicular screw was placed with tricortical fixation. Results: Out of 90 lumbar screws in 19 patients, 33 screws were inserted using our novel method, without correction loss or complications during an average follow-up period of 28.44 months, except radiological loosening of one screw. Conclusions: Our new extrapedicular screw placement method into the vertebral body provides an easy, accurate, and safe alternative for scoliosis patients with ESLPs without relying on the O-arm navigation system. Surgeons must consider utilizing this method to enhance correction power in scoliosis surgery, regardless of the small size of the lumbar pedicle.

Does Sacral Slanting Affect Postoperative Shoulder Balance in Patients With Lenke Type 2A Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?

OBJECTIVE: Even minor sacral slanting can influence T1 tilt and shoulder balance. Yet, the relationship between sacral slanting and postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) has not been previously explored. To determine risk factors for PSI in Lenke 2A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients, with an emphasis on sacral slanting. METHODS: The study encompassed 96 consecutive patients who had undergone posterior correction and fusion surgery for Lenke type 2A AIS. Patients were grouped into PSI(+) and PSI(-) based on postoperative outcomes. Additionally, they were classified into left-sided slanting, no slanting, and right-sided slanting groups according to the degree of sacral slanting. Various radiological measures were compared. RESULTS: Patients in the PSI(+) group exhibited a smaller preoperative proximal thoracic curve and a higher main thoracic curve correction rate than those in the PSI(-) group. The presence or absence of sacral slanting did not exhibit a significant variation in PSI occurrence. However, the right-sided sacral slanting group showed a larger delta radiologic shoulder height compared to the other 2 groups (7.1 mm vs. 1.5 & 3.3 mm). CONCLUSION: Sacral slanting was not directly linked to the development of PSI. Despite the common postoperative elevation of the left shoulder, the shoulder height differences decreased over the follow-up period. Especially in cases with a right-sided tilted sacrum, the PSI demonstrated progressive improvement, with an associated increase in the rightward distal wedging angle, leading to distal adding-on.

Low-Temperature, Universal Synthetic Route for Mesoporous Metal Oxides by Exploiting Synergistic Effect of Thermal Activation and Plasma.

Mesoporous metal oxides exhibit excellent physicochemical properties and are widely used in various fields, including energy storage/conversion, catalysis, and sensors. Although several soft-template approaches are reported, high-temperature calcination for both metal oxide formation and template removal is necessary, which limits direct synthesis on a plastic substrate for flexible devices. Here, a universal synthetic approach that combines thermal activation and oxygen plasma to synthesize diverse mesoporous metal oxides (V2 O5 , V6 O13 , TiO2 , Nb2 O5 , WO3, and MoO3 ) at low temperatures (150-200 °C), which can be applicable to a flexible polymeric substrate is introduced. As a demonstration, a flexible micro-supercapacitor is fabricated by directly synthesizing mesoporous V2 O5 on an indium-tin oxide-coated colorless polyimide film. The energy storage performance is well maintained under severe bending conditions.

New fusidane-type nortriterpenoids from the Arctic marine-derived fungus Simplicillium lamellicola culture medium with their inhibitory effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Three new fusidane-type nortriterpenoids, simplifusinolide A, 24-epi simplifusinolide A, and simplifusidic acid L (1-3), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the Arctic marine-derived fungus Simplicillium lamellicola culture medium, together with fusidic acid (4) and 16-O-deacetylfusicid acid (5). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-3 were established by the quantum mechanical calculations of electronic circular dichroism and gauge-including atomic orbital NMR chemical shifts, followed by DP4 + analysis. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major urological disorder in men worldwide. The anti-BPH potentials of the isolated compounds were evaluated using BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. Treatment with simplifusidic acid L (3) and fusidic acid (4) significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of the androgen receptor (AR) and its downstream effectors, inhibiting the proliferation of BPH-1 cells. Specifically, treatment with 24-epi simplifusinolide A (2) significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of both BPH-1 and DHT-stimulated WPMY-1 cells by inhibiting AR signaling. These results suggest the potential of 24-epi simplifusinolide A (2), simplifusidic acid L (3) and fusidic acid (4) as alternative agents for BPH treatment by targeting AR signaling.

Connecting the S2 alar-iliac screw head to the satellite rod for surgical correction of degenerative sagittal imbalance.

PURPOSE: The S2AI screw technique has several advantages over the conventional iliac screw fixation technique. However, connecting the S2AI screw head to the main rod is difficult due to its medial entry point. We introduce a new technique for connecting the S2AI screw head to a satellite rod and compare it with the conventional method of connecting the S2AI screw to the main rod. METHODS: Seventy-four patients who underwent S2AI fixation for degenerative sagittal imbalance and were followed up for ≥ 2 years were included. All the patients underwent long fusion from T9 or T10 to the pelvis. The S2AI screw head was connected to the satellite rod (SS group) in 43 patients and the main rod (SM group) in 31 patients. In the SS group, the satellite rod was placed medial to the main rod and connected by the S2AI screw and domino connectors. In the SM group, the main rod was connected directly to the S2AI screw head and supported by accessory rods. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in postoperative complications, including proximal junctional failure, proximal junctional kyphosis, rod breakage, screw loosening, wound problems, and infection between the two groups. Furthermore, the correction power of sagittal deformity and clinical results in the SS group were comparable to those in the SM group. CONCLUSION: Connecting the S2AI screw to the satellite rod is a convenient method comparable to the conventional S2AI connection method in terms of radiological and clinical outcomes.

Exploring the impact of mild-to-moderate foraminal stenosis at L5-S1 on clinical outcomes following L4-5 posterior lumbar interbody fusion.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Patients scheduled for L4-5 PLIF often have FS at L5-S1. However, data on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of cases with mild-to-moderate L5-S1 FS are lacking, which may affect clinical outcomes or require additional surgery after L4-5 fusion. PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of L4-5 PLIF in patients with and without mild-to-moderate L5-S1 FS, with a primary focus on the association between L5-S1 FS and postoperative clinical outcomes including back pain, leg pain, and scores on the oswestry disability index (ODI) and EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A retrospective review of patients who underwent L4-5 PLIF from 2014 to 2018. The patients were divided according to the presence of mild-to-moderate FS at L5-S1. OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical assessment included the pain visual analog scale (VAS), ODI, and EQ-5D score. Radiographic assessments included spinopelvic parameters and grades for central and foraminal stenosis. METHODS: Clinical outcomes were assessed using validated outcome measures at preoperative, 6-month, 12-month, and 36-month follow-up visits. Radiographic evaluations were performed using preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Foraminal stenosis was assessed qualitatively using MRI with a grading system from none to severe and quantitatively by measuring changes in the foraminal area on CT. RESULTS: Among 186 patients, 55 were categorized as the FS group and 131 as the non-FS group. The FS group was older (p=0.039) and had more severe central stenosis at L5-S1 (p=0.007) as well as more severe FS at both L4-5 and L5-S1 (both p<0.001). Preoperative disc height (p<0.001), C7-S1 sagittal vertical axis (p=0.003), lumbar lordosis (p=0.005), and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (p=0.026) were more aggravated in the FS group. The FS group showed inferior clinical outcomes at the final follow-up in terms of back pain (p=.010) and ODI score (p=.003). CONCLUSION: The presence of mild-to-moderate FS at L5-S1 was associated with more aggravated sagittal balance in terms of smaller preoperative disc height, larger sagittal vertical axis, smaller lumbar lordosis, and larger pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch. Patients with L5-S1 FS also had poorer clinical outcomes including back pain and ODI score after L4-5 PLIF. Patients with L5-S1 FS need to be carefully examined before L4-5 fusion considering their adverse outcomes due to underlying degenerative changes.

Mass spectrometry-guided isolation of thiodiketopiperazines from an EtOAc-extract of Setosphaeria rostrata culture medium and their anti-skin aging effects on TNF-α-induced human dermal fibroblasts.

Using mass spectrometry (MS)-guided isolation methods, a new thiodiketopiperazine derivative (1) and exserohilone (2) were isolated from an EtOAc-extract of Setosphaeria rostrata culture medium. The chemical structure of the new compound was elucidated by MS and NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configurations were established by the quantum mechanical calculations of electronic circular dichroism. All isolated compounds were examined for their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) secretion, and procollagen type I α1 secretion in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced human dermal fibroblasts. Compound 1 and exserohilone (2) exhibited the inhibition of TNF-α-induced ROS generation and MMP-1 secretion. Additionally, compound 1 and exserohilone (2) increased the procollagen type I α1 secretion. Compound 1 docked computationally into the active site of MMP-1 (-6.0 kcal/mol).

Subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

Leiomyosarcoma, a malignant tumour originating from smooth muscle cells, has rarely been documented in non-human primates. In this case study, a 7-year-old female cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) presented with a rapidly growing mass overlying the left elbow joint. Radiographs indicated the presence of a soft tissue neoplasm without any associated bone involvement. The mass was surgically resected. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed spindle-shaped cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm that resembled smooth muscle cells, exhibiting positive immunoreactions for vimentin, desmin and smooth muscle actin and a negative reaction for pan-cytokeratin. This is the first reported case of subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma in a cynomolgus macaque and provides important insights into the incidence and characteristics of this condition in this species.

Enhancing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production in halophilic bacteria through improved salt tolerance.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have emerged as a promising bio-compound in the industrial application due to their potential to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics with sustainable bioplastics. This study focuses on Halomonas sp. YJPS3-3, a halophilic bacterium, and presents a novel approach to enhance PHA production by exploiting its salt tolerance toward PHA biosynthesis. Through gamma irradiation-induced mutants with enhanced salt tolerance from 15% NaCl to 20% NaCl, mutant halo6 showing a significant 11% increase in PHA yield, was achieved. Moreover, the mutants displayed not only higher PHA content but also remarkable cell morphology with elongation. In addition, this research unravels the genetic determinants behind the elevated PHA content and identifies a corresponding shift in fatty acid composition favoring PHA accumulation. This novel mutant obtained from gamma irradiation with enhanced salt tolerance in halophilic bacteria opens up new avenues not only for the bioplastic industry but also for applications in the production of high-value metabolites.

Can We Control Lateral Shoulder Balance Through Proximal Thoracic Curve Correction in Lenke Type 2 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?

BACKGROUND: Proximal thoracic curve (PTC) correction has been considered to prevent lateral shoulder imbalance in Lenke Type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients; however, postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) commonly occurs despite these strategies with PTC correction. We investigated the hypothesis that PTC correction would not directly affect PSI in the majority of Lenke type 2 AIS cases. Furthermore, we investigated the risk factors for lateral PSI after corrective surgery. METHODS: This study examined the records for AIS patients with Lenke type 2 who underwent corrective surgery and followed up for >2 years. Patients were categorized into PSI (-); radiologic shoulder height (RSH)<15 mm, and PSI (+); RSH≥15 mm. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed at preoperatively, postoperatively, 1 month, and final follow-up. Postoperative lateral shoulder imbalance was predicted by the identification of univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Among the 151 patients reviewed, 29 (19.2%) showed PSI at final follow-up. Lateral shoulder balance parameters showed different directionalities between PSI (-) and (+) groups at postoperatively, 1 month, and final follow-up ( P <0.01 each). Preoperative PTC, middle thoracic curve (MTC) curve and MTC correction showed strong correlations with the RSH ( P =0.01, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively). However, PTC correction did not show a significant correlation with the RSH. Moreover, only a smaller MTC curve and larger MTC correction rate were related to lateral PSI in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In Lenke type 2 AIS curves, the MTC curve and its correction predominantly influence lateral shoulder imbalance after corrective surgery, irrespective of the PTC correction extent. Consequently, overemphasizing the correction of the PTC curve may not necessarily lead to an improved lateral shoulder balance. When MTC curve is smaller, surgeons should be more careful for MCT overcorrection leading to a lateral shoulder imbalance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Soybean genetics, genomics, and breeding for improving nutritional value and reducing antinutritional traits in food and feed.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a globally important crop due to its valuable seed composition, versatile feed, food, and industrial end-uses, and consistent genetic gain. Successful genetic gain in soybean has led to widespread adaptation and increased value for producers, processors, and consumers. Specific focus on the nutritional quality of soybean seed composition for food and feed has further elucidated genetic knowledge and bolstered breeding progress. Seed components are historical and current targets for soybean breeders seeking to improve nutritional quality of soybean. This article reviews genetic and genomic foundations for improvement of nutritionally important traits, such as protein and amino acids, oil and fatty acids, carbohydrates, and specific food-grade considerations; discusses the application of advanced breeding technology such as CRISPR/Cas9 in creating seed composition variations; and provides future directions and breeding recommendations regarding soybean seed composition traits.

An Algorithmic Roadmap for Surgical Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Narrative Review.

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of disability, with its surgical management being crucial for patient neurological outcomes. Given the varied presentations and severities of DCM, treatment options are diverse. Surgeons often face challenges in selecting the most appropriate surgical approach, as there is no universally correct answer. This narrative review aims to aid the decision-making process in treating DCM by presenting a structured treatment algorithm. The authors categorized surgical scenarios based on an algorithm, outlining suitable treatment methods for each situation. Four primary scenarios were identified based on the number of levels requiring surgery and K-line status: (1) K-line (+) and ≤ 3 levels, (2) K-line (+) and ≥ 3 levels, (3) K-line (-) and ≤ 3 levels, and (4) K-line (-) and ≥ 3 levels. This categorization aids in determining the appropriateness of anterior or posterior approaches and the necessity for fusion, considering the surgical levels and K-line status. The complexity of surgical situations and the diversity of treatment methods for DCM can be effectively managed by utilizing an algorithmic approach. Furthermore, surgical techniques that minimize stages and address challenging conditions could potentially enhance outcomes in DCM treatment.